Control of body effect in MOS transistors by switching source-to-body bias

ABSTRACT

A voltage level shifting circuit (FIG. 4) has a plurality of PMOS transistors M 1 , M 2 , M 3  connected in parallel for respectively driving a capacitive load C L  with a selected different voltage level V 1 , V 2  or V 3 . Transistors M 1 , M 2 , M 3  are controlled so that one of them is placed in the ON condition, with the others in the OFF condition, to connect one of the voltages V 1 , V 2  or V 3  to charge the load CL. The largest voltage transistor M 3  has its body connected to its source. The lower voltage transistors M 1 , M 2  have their bodies respectively connected to switches S 1 , S 2 , which connect the bodies to the sources when the transistors are placed in the ON condition and connect the bodies to the highest voltage V 3  when the transistors are placed in the OFF condition.

This invention relates to MOS transistor circuits, in general; and, in particular, to apparatus and methods for biasing MOS transistors used in such circuits.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a thin dielectric barrier is used to isolate the gate and the channel. The voltage applied to the gate induces an electric field across the dielectric barrier to control the free-carrier concentration in the channel region. Such devices are referred to as insulated-gate field-effect transistors (IGFETs), or simply as MOS transistors. A. Grebene, Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design (1984 J. Wiley & Sons) 106. It should be noted that the term MOS applies even though the gate may be a non-metallic conductor, such as a highly doped polysilicon.

MOS transistors are classified as P-channel or N-channel devices, depending on the conductivity type of the channel region. In addition, they can also be classified as "enhancement" or "depletion" devices. In a depletion-type MOSFET, a conducting channel exists under the gate when no gate voltage is applied. The applied gate voltage controls the current flow between the source and the drain by depleting a part of this channel. In an enhancement-type MOS transistor, no conductive channel exists between the source and the drain at zero applied drain voltage. As a gate bias of proper polarity is applied and increased beyond a threshold value V_(T), a localized inversion layer is formed directly below the gate. This inversion layer serves as a conducting channel between the source and the drain electrodes. If the gate bias is increased further, the resistivity of the induced channel is reduced, and the current conduction from the source to the drain is enhanced. Id at 106-107.

MOS transistors make good switches because (1) when the device is ON and conducting, there is no inherent dc offset voltage between the source and drain, and (2) the control terminal (the gate) is electrically isolated from the signal path, thus no dc current flows between the control path and the signal path. Id at 303.

Normally, all the active regions of the MOSFET are reverse-biased with respect to the substrate. Thus, adjacent devices fabricated on the same substrate are electrically isolated without requiring separate isolation diffusions. The bulk of the semiconductor region is normally inactive since the current flow is confined to a thin surface channel directly below the gate. The bulk of the MOS transistor is called the "body" or "back gate" and, for efficient operation, is normally tied to the same potential as the source. Id at 108. In certain circuits, such as the conventional voltage level shifting circuits discussed below, however, it may be necessary to apply a different potential to the body in order to maintain the source-body junction in reverse biased condition and prevent a large junction current from flowing inside the transistor. Such current will interfere with normal circuit operation and can permanently damage the device or circuit.

Thus, for an N-channel MOS (NMOS) transistor the body (or bulk) must be biased to make it negative with respect to both source and drain, and for a P-channel MOS (PMOS) transistor the body must be biased to make it positive with respect to both source and drain. In a depletion device, if the reverse voltage V_(SB) =V_(S) -V_(B) between the body and the source (and hence the channel) is increased, the depletion region around the channel will become wider. This will increase the minimum gate voltage V_(G) =V_(T) necessary to maintain the depletion region without creating a conductive channel. In an enhancement device, on the other hand, increasing the reverse voltage will narrow the enhancement region, raising the voltage V_(G) =V_(T) needed to develop the enhancement region to create the channel. This dependence of V_(T) on the magnitude of the reverse biasing voltage V_(SB) is known as the "body effect." In addition to increasing the magnitude of the threshold V_(T), another undesired result of the body effect is to reduce the device transconductance and the output impedance when the device is operated in a cascode configuration. The body effect phenomenon is a major limitation of MOS devices operated at V_(S) ≠V_(B). See, Id at 268-271; and R. Gregorian, et al., Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing (1986 J. Wiley & Sons) 77-78.

FIG. 1A illustrates a typical MOS transistor with its substrate body tied to its source potential. Such arrangement, shown for a PMOS transistor in FIG. 1A, is equivalent to a PN diode connection between a drain and source, as shown in FIG. 1B. A V_(B) =V_(S) connection is usually effective to reverse-bias the PN junction and, because it minimizes the threshold voltage V_(T), results in efficient operation and minimum area requirements (viz. channel length and width) for the device. Also, such connections provide relatively uniform resistivity for variations in applied voltage V+ in multiple MOS transistor layouts. Body-to-source reverse biasing will not, however, work for circuits wherein the MOS device will be subjected to varying voltages, sometimes placing the drain voltage V_(D) at a forward biasing potential relative to the source. This is so for a circuit wherein distinct MOS switches are connected in parallel to drive a capacitive load with a selected one of a number of different voltages. An example of such a driver arrangement exists in a matrix-addressable flat-panel display column driver, in which different MOS transistors are used to apply a selected one of different voltages to a display column, such as for gray scale control of imaging pixels. In such a voltage level shifter arrangement, the requirement for maintaining a reverse bias across the body diode junction prevents tying the body to the source. This is because any voltage applied to the capacitive load, except the lowest one, will forward bias the other body diodes, preventing charge of the load.

This limitation can be seen by examination of the operation of a conventional voltage level shifting circuit shown of FIG. 2, wherein a plurality of PMOS transistors M₁, M₂, M₃ are connected in parallel, for respectively driving a capacitive load C_(L) with a selected different voltage level V₁ (e.g., 5 volts), V₂ (e.g., 10 volts), or V₃ (e.g., 20 volts). If a control voltage V_(G) ≧V_(T) is applied to place transistor M₁ in the ON condition (with transistor M₂, M₃ in the OFF condition), voltage V₁ (5 volts) will be applied across the load C_(L) and also to the drains of transistors M₂, M₃. Because the sources of transistors M₂, M₃ are at higher potentials, this does not pose a forward biasing problem for the PN junctions of M₂, M₃. The voltage differential V_(DS) for M₂ would be V₁ -V₂ =-5 volts; and for M₃ would be V₁ -V₃ =-15 volts. So, even with V_(BS) =0, the body diodes of M₂, M₃ would be reverse biased, and the voltage V₁ would be applied to charge the load C_(L). This would not be the case, however, if one of the transistors M₂ or M₃ were placed in the ON condition. If transistor M₂ were ON (with transistors M₁, M₃ OFF), the V₂ (10 volts) would be applied to the drains of M₁, M₃. This would leave M₃ with a reverse biased body diode (V_(DSS) =V₂ -V₁ =-10 volts), but would forward bias the body diode of M₁ (V_(DS1) =V₂ -V₁ =5 volts). Thus, current would flow in the body of M₁ for the M₁ OFF condition, preventing charge-up of load C_(L). For M₃ in the ON condition (with M₁ and M₂ OFF), both M₁ and M₂ would have forward biased body diodes and current flowing through their bodies would prevent charge-up of load C_(L).

To overcome this problem, the bodies or "back gates" of transistors M₁, M₂ connected to lower voltages V₁, V₂ are connected to a voltage V_(B) ≧V_(S) in order to maintain the reverse biased condition. The greater source-to-body bias V_(SB) will, however, increase the body effect for the transistors M₁, M₂ connected to apply the lower voltages V₁, V₂, and the gain of those devices will be decreased. Thus, because the channel-ON resistance R_(DSON) directly correlates to the gain, in order to achieve the same target R_(DSON), the MOS structures M₁, M₂ with the larger body effects will require more area or "footprint". So, all MOS switches except the one tied to the largest voltage, must be made larger to accommodate the larger higher voltage differentials. Higher potential difference between the body and the source will also dramatically reduce the efficiency of the operation of the device. Moreover, uniformity of the respective resistances R_(DSON) between the different devices will be reduced, giving less control over the saturation current point, with the risk of putting the power supply under greater burden due to transients.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to overcome the forward biasing problem in voltage level shifters and other circuits which subject MOS devices to different voltage levels, without the need to use larger MOS transistors to compensate for the body effect.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides control of the body effect in MOS transistors, without the need to increase their areas, by switching the source-to-body bias from one voltage to another when the transistor goes between channel current flow ON and OFF conditions. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a MOS transistor used to selectively connect a voltage to a load has its body connected to its source during the ON condition, and its body connected to another voltage potential to maintain reverse bias during the OFF condition.

For an illustrative voltage level shifter application, described in greater detail below, a plurality of MOS transistors are connected in parallel to act as switches for selective connection of respective different voltage sources to a capacitive load. Auxiliary switches are provided to connect the body of each main switch, either to its source when it is in the ON condition or to the highest one of the applied voltages when it is in the OFF condition. For a PMOS implementation, the body is connected to the source and the drain is tied to ground when the switch is ON, but when the switch is OFF the body and the gate are both connected to the highest voltage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention have been chosen for purposes of illustration and description, and are shown with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a MOS transistor with its body connected to its source;

FIG. 1B is a schematic view of an equivalent circuit to the MOS transistor of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 (prior art) is a schematic view of a conventional MOS device voltage level shifter circuit;

FIG. 3A is a schematic view of a MOS transistor with switched source-to-body bias in accordance with the principles of the invention;

FIG. 3B is a schematic view of an equivalent circuit to the MOS transistor of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a MOS device voltage level shifter circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a specific implementation of an auxiliary switch for the embodiment of FIG. 4; and

FIGS. 6 and 7 are schematic views of an NMOS configuration of the circuit of FIGS. 4 and 5.

Throughout the drawings, like elements are referred to by like numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

For simplicity in understanding the principles of the invention, FIG. 3A shows a simplified schematic rendition of a MOS transistor employing switching of source-to-body bias in accordance with the invention. The illustrated embodiment utilizes PMOS transistors of the enhancement type. However, those skilled in the art to which the invention relates will appreciate that the same principles apply to NMOS transistors and to MOS transistors of the depletion type, and that the principles applied to the shown PMOS enhancement structure can be readily extended to their NMOS and depletion MOS equivalents.

In FIG. 3A, transistor M is connected in its ON condition, as in FIG. 1A, with its drain connected to ground and its body connected to its source. The equivalent structure is shown in FIG. 3B, wherein the PN junction between the drain and body is shown as a diode PN connected between the drain and source. This arrangement is satisfactory and provides efficient operation, so long as the source-to-body connection V_(SB) =0 maintains a reverse bias for the diode PN. When the transistor M is placed in an OFF condition, however, the reverse bias condition will only exist if the voltage V_(D) applied at the drain is less than the voltage V_(S) applied at the source, i.e., V_(D) is less than or equal to V₊. As discussed previously (see discussion relating to FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2, above), conventional circuits maintain the reverse bias by connecting the body, not to the source, but always to the highest potential expected to be seen by the drain. This increases the "body effect", however, producing inefficient operation and requiring larger devices. Such drawbacks are avoided in accordance with the invention by the provision of an auxiliary switch S₁ which switches the bias voltage of the body to a larger voltage V_(MAX) when the transistor M is placed in the OFF condition. Voltage V_(MAX) is equal to or greater than the largest voltage expected at the drain of transistor M, thereby ensuring that the body diode of M will be reverse biased during the OFF condition. In addition to setting the back gate voltage to V_(MAX), the gate (viz. front gate) voltage V_(G) is also set to switch to the same voltage V_(MAX) to cause the OFF condition. This ensures that the device M will have no potential V_(B) -V_(G) across the channel.

Implementation of the circuit of FIG. 2, utilizing the principles of the invention, is shown in FIG. 4. Here again, a voltage level shifting circuit has a plurality of PMOS transistors M₁, M₂, M₃ connected in parallel for respectively driving a capacitive load C_(L) with a selected different voltage level V₁ (e.g., 5 volts), V₂ (e.g., 10 volts), or V₃ (e.g., 20 volts). Transistors M₁, M₂, M₃ are controlled so that one of them is placed in the ON condition, with the others in the OFF condition, to connect one of the voltages V₁, V₂ or V₃ to charge the load C_(L). The largest voltage transistor M₃ has its body connected to its source, to achieve efficiency in the customary way. The lower voltage transistors M₁, M₂, on the other hand, now have their bodies respectively connected to switches S₁, S₂, which connect the bodies to the sources when the devices are placed in the ON condition and connect the bodies to the highest voltage V₃ when the devices are in the OFF condition. The gates of all the devices M₁, M₂, M₃ are connected to apply the ground (0 volts) potential when the device is to be turned ON, and apply the highest voltage V₃ when the device is to be turned OFF.

In operation, when transistor M₃ is turned ON to apply the highest voltage V₃ across capacitive load C_(L), M₃ has its gate at 0 volts and its body at V₃ ; M₂ has its gate at V₃ and its body at V₃ (switch S₂ in the "B" position); and M₁ has its gate at V₃ and its body at V₃ (switch S₁ in the "B" position). M₃ is ON; M₂ is OFF; and M₁ is OFF; so, the load C_(L) is charged with the voltage V₃. To charge the capacitive load C_(L) with the voltage V₂, M₃ is turned OFF with its gate and body at V₃ ; M₂ is turned ON with its gate at 0 volts and its body connected to its source by setting the switch S₁ to its "A" position; and M₁ is left in the OFF position with its gate at V₃ and its body at V₃. To connect the lowest voltage V₁ to load C_(L), M₃ is turned OFF with its gate at V₃ and its body at V₃ ; M₂ is turned OFF with its gate at V₃ and its body at V₃ (S₂ in the "B" position); and M₁ is turned ON with its gate at 0 volts and its body switched to its source (S₁ switched to its "A" position). In this way, for their respective ON conditions, the bodies of M₃ and M₂ are connected to the lower voltages V₁ or V₂, respectively, so that the MOS structures do not have to be as large. However, when those switches are OFF they are connected to V₃, to prevent reverse current flow from the higher voltage V₂ or V₃, when the higher voltage V₂ or V₃ is connected to load C_(L). Thus, each device has its body or back gate switched so that it is either connected to the circuit's highest potential when in the OFF condition, or its most efficient operating point (tied to its source) when in the ON condition. By connecting to the highest potential (i.e., V₃) in the OFF condition, there is assurance that the forward bias condition will never be reached.

A specific implementation of the construction of auxiliary switch S₁ is shown in FIG. 5. The same construction can be used for switch S₂. The terminal marked V_(IN) is connected as the control input V_(G) to the gate of M₁. The source of M₁ is connected to the voltage V₁, and the drain of M₁ is connected through the load C_(L) to ground. The auxiliary switching circuit S₁ (shown within dashed lines) comprises two additional PMOS transistors M₄, M₅ connected in cascoded configuration between the voltage V₃ and the source of M₁. M₄ is connected with its source connected to V₃ ; its gate connected to the output of an inverter IV₁, whose input is connected to the gate of M₁ ; and its body connected to its source. M₅ is connected with its source connected to the drain of M₄ ; its gate connected to the gate of M₁ ; its drain connected to the source of M₁ ; and its body connected to the source of M₄. The body of M₁ is connected to the source of M₅.

In operation, when V_(IN) is connected to ground (0 volts), turning M₁ ON, V₃ will be applied to the gate of M₄ (through the inverter IV₁) and 0 volts will be applied to the gate of M₅, thereby turning M₄ OFF and turning M₅ ON. This will connect the body of M₁ through M₅ to the source of M₁, allowing efficient operation during the ON condition of transistor M₁. On the other hand, when voltage V₃ is applied at V_(IN) to turn transistor M₁ OFF, the gate of M₄ will be connected to ground (V_(IN) =0 volts) through the inverter IV₁ and the gate of M₅ will be connected to V_(IN) =V₃. This will turn transistor M₄ ON and transistor M₅ OFF, thereby applying the voltage V₃ through transistor M₄ to the body of M₁. Thus, when M₁ is OFF, both its gate and body will be connected to the voltage V₃.

The switching of V₃ and V₁ is all done in M₄ and M₅. Those transistors are, however, drawing very little current because they serve merely to switch the back gate, not to convey the main current flow to charge load C_(L). Thus, their relative R_(DSON) resistances or gains are not critical and they can be made very small, relative to the main switching transistors M₁, M₂ and M₃. The inverter IV₁ is normally present in a typical cross-coupled type of shifter that might be used to load quiescent current (V_(IN) and V_(IN) terminals are both present). Thus, the switching circuits S₁ and S₂ can be implemented simply by adding two small MOS structures to switch the back gates, with the advantage that the sizes of the M₁, M₂ devices can be greatly reduced when compared to conventional designs like that of FIG. 3.

Also, switching of the back gates gives better control of ON condition resistances R_(DSON), with consequential better uniformity of resistance. As a consequence, the construction becomes less process dependent because the body effect variance is eliminated.

FIGS. 6-7 show the equivalent implementation for an NMOS embodiment of the same circuit. For the NMOS embodiment, V₃ is at the lowest potential (e.g., 0 volts), V₂ is at the intermediate potential (e.g., 5 volts) and V₁ is at the highest potential (e.g., 10 volts), and the main NMOS transistors M₁, M₂, M₃ are turned ON by a high voltage swing (V_(IN) >10 volts) and turned off by a low voltage swing (V_(IN) =0 volts). Here, the main channel transistor M₁ is an NMOS structure with its source connected to V₁, its gate connected to V_(IN) and its drain connected through the load C_(L) to ground. Transistor M₄ is connected to apply the lowest or V₃ potential to the body of M₁ when V_(IN) is low to turn transistor M₁ OFF. Transistor M₅ is connected to apply the M₁ source or V₁ potential to the body of M₁ when V_(IN) is high to turn transistor M₁ ON.

Those skilled in the art to which the invention relates will appreciate that substitutions and modifications can be made to the described embodiments, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for preventing a source-to-body forward bias condition in a MOS transistor, the method comprising:applying voltage to the gate of the transistor to place the transistor in an ON condition enabling flow of current between the source and drain of the transistor; connecting the body of the transistor to the transistor source for the ON condition; applying voltage to the gate of the transistor to place the transistor in an OFF condition preventing flow of current between the source and drain of the transistor; and switching the body of the transistor to a voltage different than the transistor source voltage for the OFF condition; the different voltage acting to place the transistor in a source-to-body reverse bias condition when keeping the transistor body connected to the transistor source would place the transistor in a source-to-body forward bias condition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage applied to the transistor gate to place the transistor in the OFF condition is the same as the different voltage.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transistor is a PMOS transistor with its source connected to a first reference voltage and its drain connected to ground through a load; and wherein in the OFF condition the transistor drain is switched to a second reference voltage greater than the first reference voltage.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the different voltage is the same as the second reference voltage.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the voltage applied to the transistor gate to place the transistor in the OFF condition is the same as the second reference voltage.
 6. A method for preventing a forward source-to-body bias condition in a MOS transistor in a circuit having a plurality of MOS transistors connected in parallel and respectively to a corresponding plurality of reference voltages, the method comprising:applying voltage to the gate of a first one of the transistors to place the first transistor in an ON condition enabling flow of current between the source and drain of the first transistor to apply a first one of the reference voltages to a load; connecting the body of the first transistor to the first transistor source for the ON condition; applying voltage to the gate of the first transistor to place the first transistor in an OFF condition preventing flow of current between the source and drain of the first transistor; applying voltage to the gate of a second one of the transistors to place the second transistor in an ON condition enabling flow of current between the source and drain of the second transistor to apply a second one of the reference voltages to the load and to the drain of the first transistor; and switching the body of the first transistor to a voltage different than the first reference voltage for the second transistor ON condition; the different voltage acting to place the first transistor in the reverse bias condition when keeping the first transistor body connected to the first transistor source would place the first transistor in a source-to-body forward bias condition.
 7. A voltage level shifting circuit, comprising:a plurality of MOS transistors connected in parallel to act as main switches for selective connection of respective different reference voltage sources to a capacitive load; auxiliary switches provided to connect the body of each main switch, either to its source when that main switch is in the ON condition or to the highest one of the reference voltage sources when that main switch is in the OFF condition. 